Language

• Execution model
  • Calculation based on historical bars
  • Calculation based on realtime bars
  • Events triggering the execution of a script
  • More information
  • Execution of Pine Script™ functions and historical context inside function blocks
    • Why this behavior?
    • Exceptions
• Time series
• Script structure
  • Version
  • Declaration statement
  • Code
  • Comments
  • Line wrapping
  • Compiler annotations
• Identifiers
• Operators
  • Introduction
  • Arithmetic operators
  • Comparison operators
  • Logical operators
  • `?:` ternary operator
  • `[ ]` history-referencing operator
  • Operator precedence
  • `=` assignement operator
  • `:=` reassignement operator
• Variable declarations
  • Introduction
    • Initialization with `na`
    • Tuple declarations
  • Variable reassignment
  • Declaration modes
    • On each bar
    • `var`
    • `varip`
• Conditional structures
  • Introduction
  • `if` structure
    • `if` used for its side effects
    • `if` used to return a value
  • `switch` structure
    • `switch` with an expression
    • `switch` without an expression
  • Matching local block type requirement
• Loops
  • Introduction
    • When loops are not needed
    • When loops are necessary
  • `for`
  • `while`
• Type system
  • Introduction
    • Forms
    • Types
  • Using forms and types
    • Forms
    • Types
  • `na` value
  • Type templates
  • Type casting
  • Tuples
• Built-ins
  • Introduction
  • Built-in variables
  • Built-in functions
• User-defined functions
  • Introduction
  • Single-line functions
  • Multi-line functions
  • Scopes in the script
  • Functions that return multiple results
  • Limitations
• Arrays
  • Introduction
  • Declaring arrays
    • Using the `var` keyword
  • Reading and writing array values
  • Looping through array elements
  • Scope
  • History referencing
  • Inserting and removing array elements
    • Inserting
    • Removing
    • Using an array as a stack
    • Using an array as a queue
  • Calculations on arrays
  • Manipulating arrays
    • Concatenation
    • Copying
    • Joining
    • Sorting
    • Reversing
    • Slicing
  • Searching arrays
  • Error handling
    • Index xx is out of bounds. Array size is yy
    • Cannot call array methods when ID of array is ‘na’
    • Array is too large. Maximum size is 100000
    • Cannot create an array with a negative size
    • Cannot use shift() if array is empty.
    • Cannot use pop() if array is empty.
    • Index ‘from’ should be less than index ‘to’
    • Slice is out of bounds of the parent array
• Objects
  • Introduction
  • Creating objects
  • Changing field values
  • Collecting objects
  • Copying objects
  • Shadowing