Perkhidmatan Teknologi Maklumat
Syarikat Syarikat-syarikat AS beroperasi dalam satu industri:perkhidmatan teknologi maklumat
Jadual di bawah mempunyai Syarikat-syarikat AS yang beroperasi di bawah industri yang sama, perkhidmatan teknologi maklumat. Senarai ini membantu anda menganalisa prestasi, penyata pendapatan dan aktiviti saham setiap syarikat — semuanya dalam satu tempat. Susun menggunakan metrik utama untuk mencari saham paling mahal seperti CACI International Inc Class A atau cari opsyen paling banyak didagangkan seperti Quantum Computing Inc.. Ideal untuk pelabur dan pedagang yang mencari jalan untuk membina atau memperkemas strategi dalam segmen teknologi yang sedang berkembang ini.
Simbol | Permodalan pasaran | Harga | Perubahan % | Volum | Volum relatif | P/E | EPS cair TTM | Pertumbuhan EPS cair TTM YoY | Hasil dividen % TTM | Sektor | Penarafan penganalisa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 IBMInternational Business Machines Corporation | 205.24 B USD | 218.37 USD | +1.74% | 5.91 M | 1.02 | 19.31 | 11.31 USD | +94.54% | 3.13% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 ACNAccenture Plc Class A | 100.68 B USD | 163.99 USD | +2.72% | 8.72 M | 1.37 | 13.43 | 12.21 USD | +0.73% | 3.99% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 FTNTFortinet, Inc. | 89.28 B USD | 121.86 USD | +3.54% | 5.78 M | 0.80 | 47.08 | 2.59 USD | +6.53% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Neutral |
 NETCloudflare Inc Class A | 70.27 B USD | 199.81 USD | +3.73% | 4.1 M | 0.63 | — | −0.25 USD | −4.50% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 INFYInfosys Limited Sponsored ADRDR | 46.39 B USD | 11.66 USD | −1.69% | 11.78 M | 0.99 | 14.42 | 0.81 USD | +6.26% | 3.70% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 CRDOCredo Technology Group Holding Ltd. | 34.04 B USD | 184.54 USD | −2.55% | 4.95 M | 0.88 | 102.35 | 1.80 USD | +13,061.31% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 WDAYWorkday, Inc. Class A | 30.52 B USD | 118.75 USD | +1.93% | 3.84 M | 0.84 | 45.96 | 2.58 USD | +32.15% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 CTSHCognizant Technology Solutions Corporation Class A | 21.82 B USD | 46.05 USD | +0.17% | 6.97 M | 0.95 | 10.00 | 4.61 USD | −3.04% | 2.74% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 WITWipro Limited Sponsored ADRDR | 20.62 B USD | 1.85 USD | +1.65% | 20.61 M | 1.89 | 13.00 | 0.14 USD | −3.92% | 6.04% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Neutral |
 HPQHP Inc. | 19 B USD | 20.77 USD | −2.30% | 17.17 M | 1.02 | 7.84 | 2.65 USD | −4.86% | 5.54% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Neutral |
 BRBroadridge Financial Solutions, Inc. | 16.58 B USD | 143.37 USD | −0.39% | 1.55 M | 0.88 | 15.34 | 9.34 USD | +40.44% | 2.64% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 SSNCSS&C Technologies Holdings, Inc. | 15.62 B USD | 64.87 USD | +0.15% | 2.78 M | 1.17 | 20.09 | 3.23 USD | +0.53% | 1.64% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 GIBCGI Inc. Class A | 13.24 B USD | 62.31 USD | +0.47% | 670.12 K | 1.26 | 11.32 | 5.50 USD | +3.87% | 0.75% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 CDWCDW Corporation | 13.05 B USD | 102.16 USD | +1.75% | 2.75 M | 0.90 | 12.44 | 8.21 USD | +1.80% | 2.50% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 RBRKRubrik, Inc. Class A | 12.92 B USD | 62.80 USD | +5.58% | 3.17 M | 1.05 | — | −1.78 USD | +72.42% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 VIAVViavi Solutions Inc | 12.42 B USD | 53.11 USD | −0.97% | 3.73 M | 0.47 | — | −0.25 USD | −1,290.48% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 CACICACI International Inc Class A | 11.14 B USD | 504.18 USD | +0.06% | 376.43 K | 0.99 | 20.80 | 24.24 USD | +14.41% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 GWREGuidewire Software, Inc. | 10.47 B USD | 123.65 USD | −1.55% | 1.63 M | 1.56 | 56.26 | 2.20 USD | — | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 BSYBentley Systems, Incorporated Class B | 9.64 B USD | 31.74 USD | +1.57% | 3.16 M | 1.14 | 36.27 | 0.88 USD | +11.25% | 0.90% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 RIOTRiot Platforms, Inc. | 9.31 B USD | 24.62 USD | −1.20% | 13.48 M | 0.59 | — | −2.46 USD | −80.44% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 DOXAmdocs Limited | 6.66 B USD | 61.93 USD | +3.34% | 1.61 M | 1.48 | 12.44 | 4.98 USD | +4.22% | 3.59% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 INGMIngram Micro Holding Corporation | 6.01 B USD | 25.96 USD | +0.50% | 1.13 M | 0.44 | 17.07 | 1.52 USD | +27.78% | 1.22% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 SEISolaris Energy Infrastructure, Inc. Class A | 5.76 B USD | 78.27 USD | +1.40% | 1.82 M | 0.77 | 94.41 | 0.83 USD | +67.71% | 0.62% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 PEGAPegasystems Inc. | 5.58 B USD | 33.39 USD | +2.05% | 1.71 M | 0.85 | 17.97 | 1.86 USD | +80.65% | 0.37% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 PSNParsons Corporation | 5.47 B USD | 51.15 USD | +1.61% | 1.32 M | 0.94 | 24.47 | 2.09 USD | −43.45% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 APPFAppFolio Inc Class A | 5.31 B USD | 150.24 USD | −0.19% | 223.95 K | 0.68 | 35.70 | 4.21 USD | −21.40% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 NICENICE Ltd. Sponsored ADRDR | 5.12 B USD | 87.94 USD | +1.81% | 685.11 K | 0.61 | 10.32 | 8.52 USD | +18.92% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 EPAMEPAM Systems, Inc. | 4.69 B USD | 89.69 USD | −0.77% | 2.18 M | 1.14 | 12.87 | 6.97 USD | −2.56% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 XMTRXometry, Inc. Class A | 4.66 B USD | 89.98 USD | +4.40% | 757.43 K | 0.58 | — | −1.02 USD | −3.32% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 SAICScience Applications International Corp. | 3.99 B USD | 92.65 USD | +2.48% | 378.35 K | 0.78 | 12.03 | 7.70 USD | +7.00% | 1.64% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Neutral |
 KBRKBR, Inc. | 3.92 B USD | 30.88 USD | +1.25% | 2.21 M | 0.93 | 9.37 | 3.30 USD | +10.13% | 2.16% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 BOXBox, Inc. Class A | 3.33 B USD | 24.06 USD | +1.43% | 1.53 M | 0.69 | 40.71 | 0.59 USD | −56.00% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 QTWOQ2 Holdings, Inc. | 2.82 B USD | 45.08 USD | +0.85% | 712.19 K | 0.60 | 40.57 | 1.11 USD | — | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 FSLYFastly, Inc. Class A | 2.77 B USD | 17.68 USD | −3.44% | 11.14 M | 0.74 | — | −0.69 USD | +36.83% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 NSITInsight Enterprises, Inc. | 2.7 B USD | 89.35 USD | +2.32% | 587.52 K | 0.69 | 15.61 | 5.72 USD | +14.52% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 QUBTQuantum Computing Inc. | 2.65 B USD | 11.73 USD | +6.35% | 36.85 M | 1.24 | — | −0.27 USD | +43.68% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 WKWorkiva Inc. Class A | 2.55 B USD | 45.39 USD | +2.44% | 2.56 M | 1.56 | 196.49 | 0.23 USD | — | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 VOYGVoyager Technologies, Inc. Class A | 2.15 B USD | 36.23 USD | +7.83% | 2.55 M | 1.20 | — | −2.15 USD | −20.90% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 FORTYFormula Systems (1985) Ltd. Sponsored ADRDR | 2.12 B USD | 141.44 USD | +1.84% | 1.25 K | 2.50 | 3.67 | 38.53 USD | +654.80% | 1.28% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 ATENA10 Networks, Inc. | 2.02 B USD | 28.03 USD | +1.08% | 772.51 K | 0.80 | 45.82 | 0.61 USD | −8.10% | 0.87% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 OMCLOmnicell, Inc. | 1.99 B USD | 43.80 USD | +1.46% | 456.24 K | 0.74 | 99.27 | 0.44 USD | −2.90% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 MGRTMega Fortune Company Limited | 1.88 B USD | 136.98 USD | −3.67% | 14.07 K | 0.50 | 8,202.25 | 0.02 USD | +351.35% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 PDFSPDF Solutions, Inc. | 1.84 B USD | 46.05 USD | −10.70% | 5.41 M | 8.35 | 256.83 | 0.18 USD | +395.30% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 CNXNPC Connection, Inc. | 1.62 B USD | 64.20 USD | +2.16% | 90.77 K | 0.96 | 18.66 | 3.44 USD | +4.14% | 1.03% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Neutral |
 GLOBGlobant SA | 1.47 B USD | 34.08 USD | +4.06% | 3.08 M | 1.91 | 14.96 | 2.28 USD | −38.93% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 CNXCConcentrix Corporation | 1.43 B USD | 23.42 USD | +0.73% | 1.46 M | 0.64 | — | −21.44 USD | −636.81% | 6.08% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 HIVEHIVE Digital Technologies Ltd | 754.36 M USD | 2.97 USD | +7.61% | 17.27 M | 1.16 | — | −0.63 USD | −1,039.53% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 EFOREverforth, Inc. | 734.31 M USD | 17.91 USD | +3.23% | 1.17 M | 0.76 | 7.92 | 2.26 USD | −35.50% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Neutral |
 NTGRNETGEAR, Inc. | 693.01 M USD | 25.82 USD | +0.55% | 411.61 K | 0.90 | — | −0.88 USD | −208.19% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 YBYuanbao, Inc. Unsponsored ADRDR | 655.26 M USD | 14.22 USD | −0.56% | 9.92 K | 0.33 | 2.41 | 5.90 USD | — | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 MITKMitek Systems, Inc. | 612.81 M USD | 13.57 USD | −2.30% | 1.93 M | 1.41 | 39.25 | 0.35 USD | +22.24% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 CDChaince Digital Holdings Inc. | 601.13 M USD | 7.57 USD | +22.69% | 175.18 K | 2.33 | — | −0.08 USD | +18.65% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 VTEXVTEX Class A | 588.18 M USD | 3.45 USD | +0.88% | 985.63 K | 0.61 | 34,500.00 | 0.00 USD | −99.87% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 GDYNGrid Dynamics Holdings, Inc. Class A | 541.06 M USD | 6.47 USD | +2.70% | 2.37 M | 0.73 | 106.24 | 0.06 USD | −53.44% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 MTCMMTec, Inc. | 536.78 M USD | 5.39 USD | +2.28% | 86.08 K | 0.84 | — | −1.94 USD | +47.02% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 MAXMediaAlpha, Inc. Class A | 501.92 M USD | 8.05 USD | −4.96% | 517.42 K | 0.61 | 12.65 | 0.64 USD | +119.83% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 DDD3D Systems Corporation | 481.99 M USD | 3.28 USD | +2.50% | 5.52 M | 0.94 | 13.57 | 0.24 USD | — | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Neutral |
 CINTCI&T, Inc. Class A | 469.84 M USD | 3.65 USD | +1.39% | 142.8 K | 1.24 | 11.77 | 0.31 USD | — | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 OSPNOneSpan Inc. | 451.55 M USD | 12.18 USD | +1.00% | 357.54 K | 0.55 | 6.70 | 1.82 USD | +23.55% | 4.06% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 ALITAlight, Inc. Class A | 429.79 M USD | 0.8000 USD | +1.07% | 30.12 M | 1.05 | — | −5.87 USD | −6,663.94% | 15.16% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Neutral |
 RPDRapid7 Inc. | 416.35 M USD | 6.23 USD | +0.81% | 1.43 M | 0.63 | 18.12 | 0.34 USD | −13.88% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Neutral |
 XNETXunlei Ltd. ADRDR | 391.59 M USD | 6.23 USD | −1.58% | 73.57 K | 0.44 | 0.38 | 16.47 USD | +99,699.39% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 RMNIRimini Street Inc Class A | 323.03 M USD | 3.49 USD | −1.41% | 664.2 K | 1.05 | 9.37 | 0.37 USD | — | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 TSSITSS, Inc. | 317.8 M USD | 11.32 USD | −2.25% | 1.17 M | 0.56 | 21.90 | 0.52 USD | +45.63% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 TLSTelos Corporation | 316.49 M USD | 4.23 USD | +1.20% | 688.4 K | 1.00 | — | −0.36 USD | +52.02% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 CARLCarlsmed, Inc. | 292.51 M USD | 10.76 USD | +5.18% | 271.61 K | 1.95 | — | −1.23 USD | −30.02% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 HUHUHUHUTECH International Group Inc. | 237.35 M USD | 9.31 USD | −3.72% | 401.2 K | 17.89 | — | −0.10 USD | −706.30% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 UISUnisys Corporation | 223.09 M USD | 3.06 USD | −1.29% | 562.84 K | 0.59 | — | −4.86 USD | −351.93% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 DMRCDigimarc Corporation | 218.64 M USD | 9.83 USD | −6.91% | 278.28 K | 1.32 | — | −1.27 USD | +32.79% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 DAVAEndava Plc Sponsored ADR Class ADR | 203.48 M USD | 3.62 USD | −1.63% | 358.38 K | 0.88 | — | −0.12 USD | −202.19% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 KOREKORE Group Holdings, Inc. | 161.46 M USD | 9.18 USD | +0.22% | 9.78 K | 0.42 | — | −3.98 USD | +47.84% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 TTECTTEC Holdings, Inc. | 122.13 M USD | 2.51 USD | −1.95% | 505.72 K | 0.85 | — | −4.15 USD | +37.75% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Neutral |
 CBUSCibus, Inc. Class A | 107.65 M USD | 1.41 USD | −3.09% | 224.25 K | 0.75 | — | −2.98 USD | +72.19% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 ZENAZenaTech, Inc. | 101.93 M USD | 2.12 USD | +4.95% | 2.07 M | 0.95 | — | −0.83 USD | −545.53% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 CSPICSP Inc. | 97.19 M USD | 9.65 USD | +3.99% | 14.56 K | 0.97 | — | −0.01 USD | +91.96% | 1.29% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 AUREAurelion Inc. Class A | 95.19 M USD | 2.46 USD | +8.37% | 10.25 K | 0.22 | — | −4.43 USD | −362.84% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 ICGIntchains Group Ltd. Sponsored ADRDR | 76.5 M USD | 1.26 USD | 0.00% | 51.98 K | 1.11 | — | −0.12 USD | −204.05% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 HITHealth In Tech, Inc. Class A | 70.21 M USD | 1.23 USD | −20.13% | 709.78 K | 9.65 | — | −0.01 USD | −172.54% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 XTIAXTI Aerospace, Inc. | 68.48 M USD | 1.78 USD | −3.26% | 3.07 M | 2.47 | — | −5.21 USD | +98.31% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 ELWTElauwit Connection, Inc. | 56.2 M USD | 8.49 USD | −3.96% | 42.72 K | 1.36 | — | −0.79 USD | −59.81% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 ALARAlarum Technologies Ltd Sponsored ADRDR | 53.73 M USD | 7.38 USD | +4.68% | 79.35 K | 1.95 | 55.82 | 0.13 USD | −84.64% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 NTWKNetSol Technologies, Inc. | 49.04 M USD | 4.15 USD | −6.53% | 70.92 K | 1.04 | 27.76 | 0.15 USD | +615.31% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 UCLuCloudlink Group, Inc. Sponsored ADR Class ADR | 39.69 M USD | 1.05 USD | 0.00% | 4.89 K | 0.49 | 6.33 | 0.17 USD | +36.66% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 VTSIVirTra, Inc. | 39.12 M USD | 3.46 USD | −1.42% | 56 K | 0.57 | — | −0.21 USD | −260.65% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 AERTAeries Technology, Inc. Class A | 35.15 M USD | 0.7000 USD | +0.57% | 62 K | 0.38 | — | −0.07 USD | −104.25% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 BRLSBorealis Foods Inc. Class A | 28.98 M USD | 1.35 USD | +1.50% | 18.53 K | 0.11 | — | −0.86 USD | +25.00% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 CLPSCLPS Incorporation | 25.88 M USD | 0.8700 USD | −12.99% | 82.64 K | 4.52 | — | −0.24 USD | −396.20% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 BLIVBeLive Holdings | 25.31 M USD | 2.33 USD | −4.12% | 490 | 0.32 | — | — | — | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 UPLDUpland Software, Inc. | 23.1 M USD | 0.7867 USD | +14.15% | 255.97 K | 0.40 | — | −0.71 USD | +59.16% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli kuat |
 CHOWChowChow Cloud International Holdings Ltd. | 15.99 M USD | 0.4556 USD | −6.45% | 489.79 K | 3.05 | — | — | — | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 INTZIntrusion Inc. | 15.85 M USD | 0.7782 USD | +1.99% | 293.35 K | 2.45 | — | −0.46 USD | +77.44% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Beli |
 GFAIGuardforce AI Co., Ltd. | 15.53 M USD | 0.4970 USD | +9.13% | 390.33 K | 1.05 | — | — | — | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 RPGLRepublic Power Group Limited Class A | 14.89 M USD | 0.3400 USD | −10.01% | 2.91 M | 0.32 | — | — | — | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 AIMDAinos Inc | 14.66 M USD | 1.72 USD | +0.58% | 45.6 K | 3.23 | — | −2.90 USD | +56.35% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 CISOCISO Global, Inc. | 14.45 M USD | 0.3190 USD | +10.08% | 411.33 K | 1.28 | — | −0.60 USD | +70.76% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 BLINBridgeline Digital, Inc. | 12.47 M USD | 0.9895 USD | +12.42% | 31.02 K | 1.15 | — | −0.20 USD | −7.71% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 TGHLGrowHub Limited Class A | 9.5 M USD | 0.3756 USD | +1.54% | 48.49 K | 1.32 | — | — | — | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 DTSTData Storage Corporation | 9.45 M USD | 4.36 USD | −4.18% | 94.37 K | 2.25 | — | −0.13 USD | −283.54% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Neutral |
 ANYSphere 3D Corp. | 9.15 M USD | 2.43 USD | +14.08% | 551.14 K | 2.27 | — | −7.40 USD | −41.91% | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |
 ARBBARB IOT Group Limited | 8.63 M USD | 4.89 USD | +0.41% | 17.51 K | 0.08 | — | — | — | 0.00% | Perkhidmatan Teknologi | Tiada penarafan |